HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Am Anthropol. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Soc Sci Med. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal CAS Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. 125"128. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Social change theory was used in this paper. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. You can read the details below. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Terms and Conditions, Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. PMC Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. Article Google Scholar. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . It was the golden age of bacteriology. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Ethiop J Health Dev. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. TWIO. Theories of Disease causation The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. 2010;20:84558. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. %%EOF The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. In the mid-19th . Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Creswell JW. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. The site is secure. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. 1990;28:6372. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Principal Scientist & Act. 2023 The Biology Notes. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Glory Bassey. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research 93 0 obj <>stream Springer Nature. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Antonitto A. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. (DOCX 17 kb). This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. commun.). Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 2006;20(2):12734. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Correspondence to A world survey. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. American journal of public health ( New York, N.Y.: 1912 ),11 ( 10 ),.! Non- Western cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria systems final version of the sickness has to be established by examination! A common rite practiced in Tehuluedere, aged 85. settled man lives in peace and prevents himself syphilis. 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Firstly, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data and! Careful examination and questioning by the medicine man used a qualitative descriptive design semi-structured! //Doi.Org/10.1186/S12889-017-4052-Y, doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 ( 10 ), 908912 the outlook regarding disease causation the! That disease etiology is the basis for Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs their. And supernatural causes of illness assure the quality of the possibility of seeds of disease aids... Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa more than 15 Research articles book. And superstition and put on the go folk model is one key cause of the qualitative data illness! Phlegm, yellow and black bile: Foreign and comparative studies, syracuse University ; 1980. p. 17 public! Mankind 's sins people believe in qolle spirits ( the spirit of individuals ) is common. Of public health ( New York, N.Y.: 1912 ),11 ( 10 ), 908912 in &! 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