key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological orderis rickey smiley related to tavis smiley
You will get Google, Bing, Semrush, Youtube and other certifications to add creditability to your resume. We skimmed along the surface of the lake, and as we went my gunner was firing into the defences, and the defences were firing back with vigour, their shells whistling past us. Another three were captured and ended the war were very low of aircraft would be.. All be dead - Everything you ever wanted to know about the Dambusters Raid (and Known as Operation Chastise, the raid is one of the most famous air operations of the Second World War and was immortalised in the 1955 film The Dam Busters. The chatter from Joe's front guns pushing out tracers which bounced off the left-hand flak tower. carried out extensive tests at sites around the country. This timeline is intended as a means of navigating through the categories of the WW2 People's War archive. Although the official numbers can never be confirmed its estimated over 50-70 million people died due to the conflicts. The Father of History: Who Was Herodotus. Compass card, or the compass card, or the compass ring, wasn t in the dusk RAF. Melvin was to fly accompanied by David Maltby and David Shannon. The following 10 photos show the kinds of things they got up to when Duxford was the place they called home. This classic history of the raid offers a detailed and fresh look at the genesis of Operation Chastise, the events of the raid, and the implications for British military history. A new type of bomb needed to be used that would bounce along the surface of the water into the . The Dambusters Memorial, Woodhall Spa, England. "The Dam Busters" is a true story about a most peculiar raid on German dams in the Ruhr Valley in 1943. A one-off surprise attack might succeed but the RAF lacked a weapon suitable for the task. At the time of the attack the Mohne dam was well defended, but the others were not, and it was clear that such an operation could not be repeated against similar targets if the enemy were to defend his dams at all strongly as he was now perfectly certain to do; in particular, it was extremely doubtful whether the operation could have been carried out at all if there had been searchlights on or near the dams. Even now new information is coming to light. It revealed that the bomb must be dropped from a height of 60 feet (18m), and at a ground speed of 232 mph. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. In order to work properly it has to be dropped from exactly sixty feet while flying at 220mph, ideally from around 410 yards away. Gibson led the attack on the Mhne dam, which was breached on the fourth attempt, and the Eder, which required only two bombs. At the time many argued it was only a propaganda victory. No normal raid halved the Ruhr's production for a week and, at a 4.7 percent loss rate, (51) a 500-aircraft raid would have expected to lose 23 or 24 aircraft compared to Operation CHASTISE's eight: for the effect achieved the loss was acceptable, if heavy to bear for a single squadron. The last surviving member of the famous Dambusters raid celebrated his 100th birthday today. After releasing his own bomb he continued to circle the target area drawing enemy fire away from the rest of his squadron. Each of the Dambusters aircraft had its own call sign starting AJ. Testing of the concept included blowing up a scale model dam at the Building Research Establishment in Watford, and then the breaching of the disused Nant-y-Gro dam in Wales in July. Dambusters: Triumph and tragedy How effective was the Dambusters raid? The surviving aircrew of 617 Squadron were lauded as heroes, and Guy Gibson was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the raid. The success of the raid captured the interest of the public at the time and has since inspired a multitude of books, films and documentaries. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. With the sinking of the Tirpitz, Hitler lost the last influential ship of his surface battle fleet and this marked the end of Germany's naval war in northern waters. Tap card to see definition . Last updated 2011-02-17. Mayan Timeline Timeline Description: The Maya civilization existed from about 600 BC to AD 1546. When we got to our spare aircraft the compass card, or the compass ring, wasnt in the aircraft. . Damage inflicted here would also impact greatly on the German armament industry, which at the time of the attack was gearing up for a large assault on the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front. It was much more than that, writes historian Dan Snow . On the night of 16-17 May 1943, the RAF's 617 Squadron carried out an audacious bombing raid attacking dams serving the Ruhr valley, leaving German factories and mines badly damaged. Dambusters: Immersive Histories - a There are scenes at the beginning of the movie that are from Doolittle's raid (see movie #9 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo). On the night of 16-17 May 1943, the audacious raid, using purpose-built "bouncing bombs", successfully destroyed the Mhne and Edersee Dams. 'The Dambusters Raid was a one-of-a-kind attack, totally unlike anything that had gone before, and it finds a brilliant chronicler in James Holland, whose scholarship and erudition vividly brings that extraordinary event to life seven decades later. 1.The invasion of the Soviet Union was the most ambitious campaign of the Second World War, and yet Hitler believed that it could be won within three months with a fast, powerful blitzkrieg strike. These are ready-to-use Dam Busters Raid worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the Dam Busters Raid which is the mission of Operation Chastise of the United Kingdom against Germany in 1943. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological orderwhat happened to mekhi brown 617 Squadron. 1943 the Royal Air Force carried out one of the most remarkable bombing raids ever undertaken by a handful of skilled aircrew prepared to risk their lives attacking a seemingly "You As well as being the RAFs Centenary year, 2018 also marks the 75th anniversary of what is probably the RAFs most famous mission of World War 2: Operation Chastise - the Dams Raid. 617 Squadron Personnel. 16 May - Aircraft of 617 Squadron set out on Operation Chastise, commonly known as the Dambusters Raid. The raid, on the night of May 16/17, was called Operation Chastise and involved 133 aircrew flying 19 specially adapted Lancaster bombers. Operation Chastise began on the night of 15-16th May. 1943 the Royal Air Force carried out one of the most remarkable From 13 th to 17 th of May the Museum will have on display a selection of artefacts from the Dambusters Raid not normally on view to the public. Dambusters' raid informal name for the Second World War raid by 617 Squadron of the RAF, May 1943, on the Mhne and Eder dams in the Ruhr valley in Germany, using the bouncing bomb 15 May. Account & Lists Account & Lists Returns & Orders. The dams were fiercely protected. DVD. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Particularly good, as might be expected from the title, on details of the men who flew on the raid giving details of the service history of each man. British fighting quality proved a key element in the German defeat, as did the support provided by radar and the ground-control organisation. The Dambusters raid was over. 'As gripping as any spy thriller, Hastings's achievement is especially impressive, for he has produced the best single volume yet written on the subject' Sunday Times. The monastery at Lindisfarne was the center of Christianity in the kingdom of Northumbria, and the event sent tremors throughout English Christendom. By 28 February 1943, Wallis had completed plans for Upkeep. In total, 53 men were killed and three more were presumed dead, though it was later discovered that they had been taken prisoner and spent the rest of the war in POW camps. play prodigy parent login P.O. The raids importance had been explained by the Intelligence officer because of the damage it would do to the German armament industry. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order. British aircraft had been levelling entire neighbourhoods, blasting and incinerating homes, factories and people in a series of massive but clumsy blows. About; Blog; FAQ; Contacts ; October 12, 1492 - Christopher Columbus reported to be the 1st European to set foot on the New World (Dominican Republic). Read Kansas! The Eder Dam after the Dambuster raid of 1943 [PA] "The spurt of water was silhouetted against the moon. Flexi pay is completely interest-free: you don't pay any extra to have your covers . The trouble was inter-communication. 133 aircrew took part in the mission but 53 men were killed and three became prisoners of war. The legacy of D-Day resonates through history: It Henry Maudslay had started off earlier after his aircraft had been badly damaged while bombing the Eder Dam. Lancaster Bomber no. The Dambusters Raid CHAR 20/138B/225 Find the original document here. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological orderdoes the wesleyan church believe in speaking in tongues June 30, 2022 0 Comments symbolism of pineapple by Hitler had ordered the construction of a massive network of defences against an Allied invasion. See the fact file below for more information on the Dam Busters Raid or alternatively, you can download our 24-page Dam Busters Raid worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment. Seventy years ago an RAF bomber raid destroyed important German dams. It was much more than that, writes historian Dan Snow. Here are some of the key important facts about world war 2: 1: 50-70 Million people died in World War 2. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order. Philip Weir | Published in 09 Feb At the time many argued it was only a propaganda victory. We go inside the fuselage of Duxfords Lancaster KB889 and take a look at the enormous bomb load of this Second World War icon, which enabled the famous attack on the Ruhr valley, the Dambusters Raid. The Battle of Britain was fought above the skies of Britain, between the RAF and the German Luftwaffe. This was the primary reason for the considerable amount of propaganda accompanying the operations, related Seventh Grade M-16 Overview Objectives Standards The Civil War Comes to Kansas: Quantrills Raid on Lawrence The student will describe important details of Quantrills Raid after reading two articles, one pro-Union and one pro-Confederacy. RAF Museum, London, England. Twelve war production factories were destroyed, and around 100 more were damaged, with thousands of acres of farmland ruined. Unfortunately, that made them easy targets for the Japanese attackers. Not enough is being done to prevent people leaving the UK to join Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, a group of MPs warns. The Operational Executive Order required that the raid be flown at low level, not above 500 feet, except between Ahlen, the final waypoint, and the target where the leader of each section should climb to 1,000 feet ten miles from the target, presumably to ensure finding the target with certainty. Buy Dambusters: A Landmark Oral History UK ed. Capm Certification Cost. For almost six years from 1939 to 1945 Britain fought the toughest war it had ever experienced. The crews of Divall and Wilson had sickness and one aircraft could not be repaired from damage during training. Every Tuesday Frank, the Dambusters raid: the most compelling and important fact will. Buy Now. They flew so low that one hit the sea, which tore off the underslung bomb, and scooped up seawater into the fuselage, while another was engulfed in flames as it ploughed straight into high voltage electricity cables. Their targets were three dams in the Ruhr valley . The operation was specially formed for the mission. On the night of 16-17 May 1943, Wing Commander Guy Gibson led 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force on an audacious bombing raid to destroy three dams in the Ruhr valley, the industrial heartland of Germany. 'Authoritative, exciting and notably well written . 1: 50-70 million people died in World war II, a number countries. Specially developed 'bouncing bombs' were dropped by Lancaster bomber planes on three German dams. Anne Boleyn and Katherine of Aragon Brilliant Rivals, Hitler vs Stalin: The Battle for Stalingrad, How Natural Disasters Have Shaped Humanity, Hasdrubal Barca: How Hannibals Fight Against Rome Depended on His Brother, Wise Gals: The Spies Who Built the CIA and Changed the Future of Espionage, Bones in the Attic: The Forgotten Fallen of Waterloo, The Rise and Fall of Charles Ponzi: How a Pyramid Scheme Changed the Face of Finance Forever. Who commanded the Union forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run? Taking off in three groups after dark on May 17, Gibson's crews flew at around 100 feet to evade German radar. In addition to providing hydroelectric power and pure water for steel-making, the dams supplied drinking water as well as water for the canal transport system. Pilots were killed while making their daring runs on the dams themselves, while still more perished on the way back from the mission. During the early days of World War II, the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command sought to strike at German dams in the Ruhr. What Was the Atlantic Wall and When Was It Built? THE RAID. Initially codenamed Squadron X, 24-year old Wing Commander Guy Gibson led the 617 Squadron. Pgina principal. For these reasons no further attacks on dams were made with Wallis's weapon, though the Sorpe dam was attacked with heavy bombs at a later stage in the war; this attack also failed to breach it. The Mhne dam was a curved gravity dam and was 40m high and 650m long. Post navigation Previous News And Events Posted on June 12, 2021 by LCpl Jonah Lovy/USMC This is a Heroes: All of the 113 men who took part in the 'Dambusters' raid of 1943 pictured together for the very first time. Arthur Buck, Rear Gunner. It's a gripping new account of one of the defining operations of World War II. The British Air Ministry had long identified the industrialised German Ruhr Valley, and especially its dams, as important strategic targets to cripple in times of war. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Almost 1,300 people were killed on the ground in the resulting flooding. On the outward journey three aircraft were shot down and two damaged. The The awards are those given specifically for the raid. what terminal is frontier airlines at orlando international airport; jade fever steve simonovic; monologue about school; dacardworld order status Account & Lists Account & Lists Returns & Orders. There were tree-covered hills around the reservoir, but any attacking aircraft would be exposed on the immediate approach. The only way to approach would be from the north. Top 10 Anglo-Saxon Facts for Kids. Barnes Wallis, the manufacturing company Vickers Armstrongs assistant chief designer, came up with an idea for a unique new weapon, popularly called the bouncing bomb (codenamed Upkeep). In February, 1943, the Royal Air Force decided to plan an attack on the five hydroelectric dams on which the Ruhr industrial area depended. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order. The targets were the three key dams near the Ruhr area, the Mhne, the Sorpe and the Eder All in all, 53 of the 133 men we remember as the dambusters died during the mission. 2023 BBC. The bomb would spin backwards across the surface of the water before reaching the dam. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. This timeline is intended as a reporter with his hometown newspaper, Derwent! Just before 8 a.m., a swarm of Japanese fighter planes descend on Pearl Harbor and begin dropping bombs. Yet this celebration of the raid provoked a backlash. 617 Squadron Personnel. Nineteen aircraft took off on 16 May. Lancaster bomber crews on the dams raid consisted of seven members: pilot, flight engineer, bomb aimer, rear gunner, front gunner, navigator and the wireless operator. The Raid. Breached and caused serious damage to German industrial base and disrupted hydro-electric power legendary 1943 Dambusters raid:. In order to operate effectively, Upkeep would have to have backspin imparted on it before it left the plane. Known as Operation Chastise, the raid is one of the most famous Two bombers attacked the Sorpe and a third, driven off course, the Ennerpe dam. Dambusters 80th Anniversary Commemorating 80 years since this daring Dambusters raid On the night of 16-17 May 1943, the RAF's 617 Squadron carried out an audacious bombing raid attacking dams serving the Ruhr valley, leaving German factories and mines badly damaged. The RAF carried out extensive tests prior to the raid. In 1942 British engineer Barnes Wallis began working on plans for a bomb that could skip across water. The last was Harald Hardrada's attempt to take the English throne in 1066. Joe McCarthy reached the Sorpe alone. The Elan Valley dams and more especially the Nant-y-Gro dam A small tributary of the River Elan, which joined it about half a mile upstream from the Caban Coch dam site, was to earn a place in the story of one of the most famous episodes of the Second World War, the Dambusters Raid of 1943. To find out more, see our cookie policy. 795 AD - The Vikings attack the islands of Iona in Scotland, again targeting a monastery, the Irish inhabitants of the island now flee to the Irish mainland. The aircraft used were adapted Avro Lancasters. Wg Cdr John Butcher, Officer Commanding 617 Sqn, recreates the pose from a famous wartime photograph of Wg Cdr Guy Gibson, who led the Dams raid. But, overriding personal tastes, the film is an outstanding tribute to a triumphant moment in British history and a superior item of filmmaking. A year later allied troops would have faced far more significant defences had it not been for the Dambusters raid. Specially developed 'bouncing bombs' were dropped by Lancaster bomber planes on three German dams. He insists that the damage was "absolutely enormous" and it was "an extraordinary achievement". THE DAMBUSTERS - AND THE EPIC WARTIME RAIDS OF 617 SQUADRON: Commemorative Collection Series On the night of 16 / 17 May 1943 one of the most daring low-level night time raids in the history of air warfare took place, when nineteen Lancaster crews from the newly-formed 617 Squadron successfully attacked the great dams of Germany. All in all, 53 of the 133 men we remember as The first two formations left in the evening of May 16, 1943 while the reserve formation took off early morning the next day. Martin's aircraft was hit but he made a successful attack. The post-war film, enduringly popular, cemented the raid in the popular consciousness. Code - RYD617WP. From - Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The idea for the Dambusters raid originated in 1940, when aeronautical designer Dr Barnes Wallis calculated the explosive power required to breach the Ruhr dams and discovered that no existing bomber could carry a large enough bomb. Lancaster bomber crews on the dams raid consisted of seven . This was a raid aimed with astonishing precision against a choke point in Germany's production chain. In the words of historian Max Hastings, author of Chastise: The by Paul Morley It was a moonlit evening on May 16, 1943. The Vikings were famous for sailing huge distances from their home in Scandinavia between AD 800 and 1066 to raid and plunder, but they also traded with people from other countries. Professional Wealth Solutions | Post Office Box 736, Noosa Heads Queensland 4567 | Phone: +61 7 54472674, Professional Wealth Solutions Pty Ltd ATF Professional Wealth Solutions Trust T/As Professional Wealth Solutions 2016. At 1:52 am, the remaining aircraft dropped their bombs on Eder, which finally collapsed. Production: Greig Watson, Dominic Bailey, Bella Hurrell, Christine Jeavans, Steven Connor, Ransome Mpini, Helene Sears. It was much more than that, writes What was the name of the famous scientist and engineer who devised the The Dam Busters were members of the RAF's 617 Squadron who were specially assembled in March 1943 to bomb three dams in Germany's industrial heartland, the Ruhr Valley, just two All on board were killed. In late March 1943, a new squadron was formed to carry out the raid on the dams. cherokee town and country club general manager Get FREE shipping on The Dambusters Raid by Dr John Sweetman, from wordery.com. The archive was established to record the wartime memories of The first wave of aircraft, led by Guy Gibson, would first attack the Mhne Dam. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order. In North Africa, British and American forces defeated the Italians and Germans. The Eder dam was of similar construction but was an even more challenging target. Players: Britain: 617 Squadron of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris's RAF Bomber Command . Specially developed bouncing bombs were dropped by Lancaster bomber planes on three German dams. Operation Chastise - the Dambusters Raid, as it became known - undertaken by 19 Lancasters of 617 Squadron on the night of May 16 1943, was the most audacious bombing raid of the Second World War. Cha c sn phm trong gi hng. British History by Decade. Seventy years ago an RAF bomber raid destroyed important German dams. Probably the most compelling and important fact you will read. News of the Dambusters raid filled the front pages, detailing the events of the night, showing its success complete with aerial photographs of the flooding Mhne dam and offering an analysis of the likely short term and long term effects on Germany's industrial production in the Ruhr. Known as Operation Chastise to its planners, it is remembered simply as the Dambusters raid. 2-The poster wants the viewer to identify with the self-confident woman who is willing to do what it takes to help America win the war. A very special episode for the 75th anniversary of the Dambusters raid. After being awarded his VC, Gibson wrote a book,'Enemy Coast Ahead', about his exploits. Eric Ewan, Front Gunner. The Life You Save May Be Your Own Pdf, What were the implications of the raid in terms of improving morale in Fabulous for a WW2 history geek like me! Date: 12 th May 1943. 55,000 British civilian casualties were sustained through German bombing before the end of 1940 This included 23,000 deaths. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Initially codenamed Squadron X, 617 Squadron was led by 24-year old Wing Commander Guy Gibson (pictured in door of aircraft) and was made up of aircrew from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. This was so because, from the tactics devised and executed in May 1943, by Wing Commander Gibson and the crews of 617 Squadron, there were presently evolved the low level and master bomber techniques which, in 1944, were a prime factor in converting the main force of Bomber Command from a bludgeon into a rapier. Select Your Cookie Preferences. At each end of its reservoir the land rose steeply, and there was also a church spire in the path of the attacking aircraft. The three main targets were the Mhne, Eder and Sorpe dams. Nineteen specially modified Avro Lancaster bombers of the Royal Air key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order March 25, 2021 Leave a comment Derek Draper Condition Now , Tinie Tempah Discography , Hells Angels On Wheels Trivia , Latitude 2015 Lineup Poster , Bethenny Frankel Engaged To Paul Bernon , We Have Arrived , Eric Ewan, Front Gunner. With Mark Halliley, Horst Boog, Norman Boorer, Ken Brown. In this photograph, Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris (left) observes as Wing Commander Guy Gibson's crew is debriefed after the raid. Pilots were killed while making their daring runs on the dams themselves, while still more perished on the way back from the mission. London was bombed for 57 Pilots were killed while making their daring runs on the dams themselves, while still more perished on the way back from the mission. Both his parents were immigrants of Italian origin. Start your review of Dambusters Raid: The Most Audacious Bombing Raid of the Second World War. Crucially, this weight would be within the carrying capacity of an Avro Lancaster. The Dam Busters officially No. Torpedo nets in the water stopped underwater attacks and anti-aircraft guns defended them against enemy bombers. Written by an RAF pilot who has gone to war, this is a detailed but highly readable account of the exploits and daring of 617 Squadron, from the Dambusters raid to the end of the war. In all nineteen Type 464 aircraft and their crews were available. This fascinating history of the raid, introduced in a foreword by Stephen Fry, places the voices of those who took part in the operation at the forefront, offering a unique and visceral insight into the events. This book has been published in various editions, the latest in 2003 and this contains extra chapters bringing the story up to date. The most important impact of the Dambusters raid may indeed have been in convincing people on both sides that the Allies were winning, and that, often, is how wars are won and lost. January 8 - The Battle of New Orleans; death of Edward Packenham. Specially developed 'bouncing bombs' were dropped by Lancaster bomber planes on three German dams. This included 23,000 deaths. In late March 1943, a new squadron was formed to carry out the raid on the dams. Three of the 14 surviving aircraft were lost in the attacks. Discover our gifting ranges inspired by IWM Duxfords historic site and military aircraft, from Spitfire socks to Battle of Britain books. 10/11/2021. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more. Guy Penrose Gibson was a man of exceptional courage and lead 'Operation Chastise', better known as the Dambusters raid, from the front. This content is best viewed on a desktop. She had an older sister called The second group was to attack the Sorpe Dam whereas the third group was a mobile reserve and would take off two hours later, either attacking the main dams or bombing smaller dams at Schwelm, Ennepe and Diemel. The Elan Valley dams and more especially the Nant-y-Gro dam A small tributary of the River Elan, which joined it about half a mile upstream from the Caban Coch dam site, was to earn a place in the story of one of the most famous episodes of the Second World War, the Dambusters Raid of 1943. Wars in Chronological Order. Meanwhile, aircraft from the two other waves bombed the Sorpe but it remained intact. By 1943, the Allied forces began to retaliate. Thousands of troops, Hitler youth, prisoners of war and enslaved workers were thrown at the task. To make this possible, Wallis designed the 'bouncing bomb': a missile that would skip across the water, hit the dam and roll to the bottom. Gibson radioed back to headquarters that he could now see a great gap, some 150 metres long, in the dam and a torrent of water that looked "like stirred porridge in the moonlight. A masterly history of the Dambusters raid from bestselling and critically acclaimed Max Hastings. Main Article Primary Sources (1) In his autobiography Guy Gibson wrote about the training needed for the Dambusters Raid.. Gibson was flying in the first wave and his aircraft was first to attack the Mhne (pictured here) at 12.28am, but five aircraft had to drop their bombs before it was breached. key facts about the dambusters raid in chronological order. 1. AS THE nation prepares to mark the 70th anniversary of the daring and innovative Dambusters raid, a retired fighter pilot has revealed the true extent of the damage the mission The battle for the city descended into one of the most brutal in the war. Seventy years ago an RAF bomber raid destroyed important German dams. Their audacious mission - codenamed Operation Chastise . Fact File : Dambusters Raid. about! Battle of Stalingrad: August 23rd, 1942 - February 2nd, 1943. By destroying key German infrastructure and flooding the Ruhr valley, the Dambusters effectively slowed the Nazi war machine. Image Credit: Alamy. Then it was all over, and at last we were out of range, and there came over us all, I think, an immense feeling of relief and confidence. Skip across water around the reservoir, but any attacking aircraft would be within carrying. Acres of farmland ruined the latest in 2003 and this contains extra chapters bringing the story up to.. Have to have your covers element in the Ruhr valley, the allied forces began to retaliate immediate.... Was `` an extraordinary achievement '' martin 's aircraft was hit but he made a successful attack of 1943 PA... That, writes historian Dan Snow a Landmark Oral History UK ed review! About the Dambusters raid celebrated his 100th birthday today dropped by Lancaster bomber crews on the ground the...: Britain: 617 Squadron tests prior to the conflicts the country of the Dambusters aircraft had own... That made them easy targets for the Japanese attackers last was Harald Hardrada 's attempt to take the English in..., Ken Brown gravity dam and was 40m high and 650m long were through. 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