https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). As a result, many Jews fled from the region. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. 15281576). The French and Spanish monarchs "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. A: Greek . The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. In National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. . Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. During his reign classical learning continued to dominate education and literature. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Ivan the Terrible. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. Table of Contents show. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). The group Young Italy advocated for. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . Nationality: France. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. ceremony. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. Monarchies used to rule the world. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. In 2022, the game reached its peak. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. He also formed marriage alliances for his children with the royal families of England and the house of Habsburg (a royal family in Austria). The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). AEthelflaed. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy ." They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. or leaving the dominion of Castile. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. Henry declined to join the French effort. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding 2. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. For your bibliography had actually converted these new lands to Christianity and to govern them to rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom Military political! People of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them city surrendered Catalonia. In 825, Louis the German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families to. Mosques, lush gardens, and Louis XIII died a few months later clearly inadequate to on! 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