Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. 2425. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! WWF has worked with local communities to replant and restore degraded mangrove forests in Tanzania and Mozambique, enhancing the resilience of these habitats to climate change. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. There is little information concerning the period until the 8th century. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. The Big Five of the Ocean: Exploring the Waters of East Africa. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. June 25, 2020. Chami, F. A. Villagers found that the small no-take zones that allowed fish stocks to rebound also produced an abundance of oysters. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Miller, J. Innes. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991,
, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Eastern Africa, 16001800 A.D. Humanities LibreTexts - East Africa and the Horn of Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - East Africa, Ugandan lawmaker introduces new anti-LGBTQ legislation, French court to rule on TotalEnergies' east Africa projects, Jill Biden sees East Africa drought up close, seeks more aid, Kenya labor court rules that Facebook can be sued. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. To provide further sources of incomeand also serve as markers for property boundariesWWF helped incorporate citrus trees. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! 110. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. The British Museum. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. All rights reserved. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. KHALED DESOUKI/AFP/Getty Images. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. Sharm el-Sheikh has become . 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Pop. (2009 est.) Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. 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