• Ask: Can someone define noncommunicable disease? These are global problems (William Foege, former CDC director now at the Carter Center, terms them global infectious disease threats). PDF Epidemiology of Infectious Disease: General Principles Communicable Disease - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics identify conditions before and at onset. • Diseases that are "catching" • Diseases that are caused by germs or pathogens. According to World Health Organization (WHO), non-infectious diseases, especially chronic diseases will lead the disability by 2020. In the context of infectious diseases, the term rapid diagnostic test (RDT) most commonly refers to lateral-flow, immunochromatographic tests used to detect certain infections. Most pathogens, however, can cause a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes in humans. Mouth sores and drooling until a physician or the health authority does not feel the condition is infectious. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. Indirect Transmission of Communicable Diseases: When the pathogens can be transmitted from the reservoir of infection to a healthy person through some intermediate agents. The epidemiology of any infectious disease involves the complex interaction between factors of the host, disease agent and environment. Globally among non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for around 71% of the annual mortality due to all causes (Nishtar et al., 2018). An infectious disease is any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen. • Identify he characteristics of a healthy environmentt • Describe the characteristics of a healthy child • Identify communicable diseases • Describe methods of preventing the spread of communicable disease • Explain the process of communicable disease control • Identify proper hygiene practices for children and caregivers Some are transmitted by insect or animal bites while others are passed by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment." PPT-089-01 . New infections of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B and C have remained low compared to other infections due to concerted public health actions such as vaccination and needle exchange programs. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for "Best PowerPoint Templates" from Presentations Magazine. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Viral genome either DNA or RNA, never both • Useful for classification (i.e., DNA or RNA viruses) • Genome linear or circular • Double- or single-stranded • Affects replication strategy Viruses have protein components for attachment • Phages have tail fibers • Many animal viruses have spikes • Allow virion to attach to specific receptor sites Chakrabarti A, Sood P, Rudramurthy SM, et al. • Point out the limitations of the McKenna definition, which defines chronic disease, not an NCD. Some infectious diseases are distinctive enough to be identified clinically. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently . New infectious diseases can be classified according to their epidemiologic, clinical, or microbiologic features. Abdominal Trauma. Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases Adora F. Mendoza-Abat, M.D., CFP Definitions Environmental Epidemiology - the study of environmental factors that influence the distribution of diseases in the human population OccupationalEpidemiology - the study of workplace exposures on the frequency and distribution of diseases and injuries in the population Infectious Diseases Non-Infectious . • Prion diseases are usually rapidly progressive and always fatal. The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) continues to increase globally especially in developing countries, with different risk factors contributing to the surge [].This is a result of rapid urbanisation, and westernisation of lifestyle and dietary habits [2,3,4,5,6,7].Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to suffer a greater burden of these diseases compared to the . bacteria and viruses, which invade the body and multiply or release toxins to cause damages to normal body cells and their functions. Examples of pathogens include: viruses, bacteria, p parasitic worms and fungi. Non-Infectious Diseases. Describe the objectives and methods used to . Non-communicable Disease. They are caused by infective agents (pathogens), e.g. Division of Communicable Disease Control Immunization Branch Objectives Learn about Pandemic Influenza Learn how to prevent, protect, and mitigate Learn what challenges we face The three criteria of a Pandemic Ability to isolate a new influenza virus from a human. Epidemiology: Study of diseases and their determinants in populations Epidemiologyidenti es groupsof individuals in populations that have similar characteristics (sex, age, size etc. The viruses of German measles and AIDS; and bacteria of syphilis can be transmitted from the maternal blood into foetal blood through placenta. It was reviewed by experts in communicable disease surveillance and response systems, and pre-tested in Estonia and Ethiopia. These infectious diseases can be transmitted by animals, humans, insects or other agents. Infectious agents are present all around us, and they come in different shapes and sizes. 13.1. Communicable Diseases. 2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Viral genome either DNA or RNA, never both • Useful for classification (i.e., DNA or RNA viruses) • Genome linear or circular • Double- or single-stranded • Affects replication strategy Viruses have protein components for attachment • Phages have tail fibers • Many animal viruses have spikes • Allow virion to attach to specific receptor sites A pathogen may be cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi) or acellular (viruses, viroids, and prions). communicable disease surveillance and response systems at country level. In Saudi Arabia mortality rate varies between 0.6% to 1.26%. Communicable diseases are those which get transferred from one person to another or one animal to a person or another animal by means of any contamination.The diseases often spread from one other via air, food, water or transfusing instruments or blood transfusion or bodily fluids. Transmission of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary (another person) Example: 1. In ancient Greece and Egypt accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria.1 The morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, commerce, and culture. The pathogenesis of infectious diseases reflects the relationship among the human host, the infectious agent, and the external environment. Below is the list of Healthcare & Medical Topics for Presentation. General Illness Prevention Measures Identify strategies used in the investigation of an existing or newly emerging or re-emerging infectious disease 6. World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Abuse and Neglect. Daszak et al, 2000 "The phenomenon of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases is driven by various anthropogenic factors, including the following: genetic and biological factors, such as microbial adaptation to macro- and microenvironmental changes along with changes in host susceptibility to infection; environmental factors, including climate change, changes in ecosystems, and changes . These factors further impact the distribution of the disease within a population. Understanding these six characteristics and how they work helps nurses prevent and/or treat infectious disease. When new epidemics of infectious diseases are described, they are usually first studied and described according to their epidemiologic characteristics. The interaction of these factors determines characteristics of the disease outbreak. Communicable Disease • Diseases that are spread from one person to the other. Figure 4-1 portrays a host-agent-environment paradigm for the study of infectious diseases. Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy, Bacteriology Journal,Clinical Infectious Disease Journal,Immunology Journal, . Some infectious diseases are also communicable, meaning they Chowdhary A, Kumar VA, Sharma C, et al. INFECTIOUS AND February 2013 NONINFECTIOUS PLANT DISEASES Identify the host plant Scientific name, variety, cultivar Living organisms have limited hosts FOR A NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE: identify the cause by its sign, if present. Non-infectious are non-communicable diseases and caused by a variety . Infectious Diseases - Definitions Disease - a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable group of signs and symptoms. For example cholera, malaria, chickenpox. Methods . Introduction Non communicable diseases (NCDs) kill around 40 million people each year, that is around 70% of all deaths globally1. Fever or rash or a change in behavior until a physician has determined that the problem is not caused by an infectious disease. If a child shows these or other signs of illness, pain Airborne pathogen (TB, flu) 3. b. Can be spread from human to human. In this paper, we examine quantitatively the extent of this disproportionate access to diagnoses and treatment of diabetes, hypertension and malaria in Ghana. Communicable diseases refer to diseases that can be transmitted and make people ill. It is intended for use as an interactive learning package for nurses . focused solely on infectious diseases. Background Epidemiological features characterization of COVID-19 is highly important for developing and implementing effective control measures. The danger of Communicable Diseases has increased a lot. Such diseases may result from genetic or lifestyle factors. 2015;41:285-95. An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. Screening for the chronic non-communicable diseases prevalent in the more advanced countries forms the main subject of the report; but the problems facing countries at other stages of development and with different standards and types of medical care are also discussed, and because of this communicable disease detection is also dealt with to . NCDs are chronic in nature and cannot be communicated from one person to another. How Some Infectious Diseases Are Spread Method of Transmission Incidence, characteristics and outcome of ICU-acquired candidemia in India. health issues that can lead to chronic non-communicable diseases that can have near life-threatening consequences. PowerPoint slide on Communicable Diseases compiled by Yogesh. - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 3b6bac-ZWNkY • Read the definitions on the slide. Intensive Care Med. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection.. Infectious Diseases are defined as: "Disorders caused by organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites …which can be passed from person to person. Many illnesses are most communicable during the one or two days before and the first few days after symptoms appear. Some infectious diseases are also communicable, meaning they More generally, such assays may be described as point-of-care (POC) tests. • Populations: Epidemiology studies groups of people rather than with individuals. ), ignoring the uniquess of individual members. Cancer is the most common non . a. Communicable disease occurrence depends upon the presence / absence of disease already occurring in that population; For NCDs, all disease events are generally independent of one another. Hence, diseases such as cancers, obesity, neurodegenerative disease addictions and others have become a recent focus of vaccine development (Barrett, 2016). New infections continue to emerge today, while many of the old plagues are with us still. Students of MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, B Pharmacy, D Pharmacy, M Pharmacy, Bio-Technology and other medical and healthcare streams can get the benefit of this list of medical presentation topics. of communicable disease, personnel working with children can help ensure the good health of the children in their care. 1.2 Purpose of the monitoring and evaluation guide As the momentum to scale up the global response to communicable diseases increases, public A pathogen may be cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi) or acellular (viruses, viroids, and prions). Determine the Type and Characteristics of the Exposure A significant exposure to an infectious disease is defined as one in which the risk of transmitting micro- They are molecules, usually but not necessarily proteins, that elicits an immune response, thereby providing protective immunity against a potential pathogen. calling noncommunicable chronic diseases NCDs. This video is a brief overview of Infectious Diseases. focused on the characteristics of the causative organism. Infection - occurs when an infectious agent . Mode # 2. Communicable disease is an aspect of natural disasters that can be both overexercised by myth and completely disregarded. But there's much more knowledge you'll need to learn to make a real difference—knowledge you can acquire if you earn your master's degree in nursing.. The Infectious Diseases Challenge 15 References 16 Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Infectious Disease: General Principles 19 Kenrad E. Nelson Introduction 19 The Classification of Infectious Diseases 19 Epidemiologic Characteristics of Infectious Diseases 25 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases 33 Temporal Trends of Infectious Diseases 33 Biological environment Social environment Demographic characteristics Biological characteristics Socioeconomic characteristics Infectious . Optimal control of communicable diseases requires information on the incubation period and period of infectiousness, to inform operative measures such as temporary exclusion . Know epidemiological characteristics of infectious agents, such as incubation period, infectious period, means of transmission, and reservoir of these infectious diseases 5. These can be spread from one person to another hence are also called communicable disease. Be alert for signs of illness such as elevated temperature, skin rashes, inflamed eyes, flushed, pale or sweaty appearance. Habits that detract people from activity and push them towards a sedentary routine can cause a number of health issues that can lead to chronic non-communicable diseases that can have near life-threatening consequences. Infectious Diseases • Prions are abnormal, transmissible agents that are able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular prion proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristics signs and symptoms of the disease. Epidemiology Key Terms and Core . Lifestyle diseases are ailments that are primarily based on the day to day habits of people. Epidemiologists focus on the epidemiologic characteristics of a disease and classify diseases ac-cording to either the means of transmission or the reservoir of the organism. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether demographic characteristics (age and gender) and non-communicable diseases (Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus) have a significant . Infectious diseases are responsible for a quarter to a third of all deaths worldwide and children under the age of five account for over half of all deaths in this group. Shareable Link. are the environment/and symptoms related? It tries to determine whether this division of individuals into groups Adult Day Care. The framework integrates three interrelated characteristics of environment-disease relationships: a) Environmental change manifests in a complex web of ecologic and social factors that may ultimately impact disease; these factors are represented as those more distally related and those more proximally related to disease.b) Transmission dynamics of infectious pathogens mediate the . Despite the double burden of infectious and chronic non-communicable diseases in Africa, health care expenditure disproportionately favours infectious diseases. Communicable Disease. Common vehicles (blood-, water- or food-borne illnesses) 2. DISEASE AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION Chapter 2 Disease and disease transmission An enormous variety of organisms exist, including some which can survive and even develop in the body of people or animals. Multidrug-resistant endemic clonal strain of For example, HIV infection fits McKenna's definition, i.e., it An example of a typical microbiologic classification of infectious diseases is shown in Table 2-2. As of 2004, five of the top ten causes of death were due to infectious diseases. An example of a typical microbiologic classification of infectious diseases is shown in Table 2-2. Principles of Communicable Diseases Epidemiology Carriers It occurs either due to inadequate treatment or immune response, the disease agent is not completely eliminated, leading to a carrier state. Communicable diseases common characteristics of importance. Spreads worldwide. Certainly, knowledge of all of these char-acteristics is important. 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